Data-driven tool can find mineral biosignatures on other worlds
A technique for judging whether a common mineral formed through biological activity could aid the search for ancient life on Earth and Mars. Apatite is a ubiquitous phosphate mineral found in terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments. It is a major component of teeth and bones, but it also occurs in igneous rocks and sedimentary phosphorites.
Published in PNAS Nexus, Robert M. Hazen and colleagues developed a method to distinguish biologically formed apatite from abiotic apatite using Raman spectroscopy, an analytical technique used on several recent Mars missions. Determining a sample's origin involves assessing multiple independently varying features of a Raman spectrum, including band positions, widths and relative intensities—a type of multivariate analysis well suited to machine learning.
The authors compiled 331 Raman spectra of apatite from biotic and abiotic sources and trained a random forest classifier to identify the most diagnostic features. The intensity of the carbonate band and the width of the dominant phosphate band, reflecting chemical composition and crystal structure, respectively, emerged as the strongest indicators of origin. The resulting model distinguished biotic from abiotic apatite with classification accuracy exceeding 96%.
According to the authors, minerals such as apatite can preserve evidence of biological activity over long geological timescales, and the approach could help future planetary missions identify minerals that retain records of ancient life on rocky worlds.
Publication details
Yanzhang Li et al, Mineral biosignature identification from Raman spectroscopy using machine learning, PNAS Nexus (2026). DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgag215
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Citation: Data-driven tool can find mineral biosignatures on other worlds (2026, July 14) retrieved 14 July 2026 from https://phys.org/news/2026-07-driven-tool-mineral-biosignatures-worlds.html
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